Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The History Of The Worlds Legal Systems Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Secondary rules supplement primary rules by providing mechanisms for allowing their identification, their violation, and their modification. According to Hart, secondary rules are rules of recognition, rules of adjudication and rules of the amendment (Hage Pfordten 2009 118). Moreover, other authors see modern legal systems as strictly characteristic of advanced industrial economies, where there are differentiation and stratification of institutions. These elements of stratification and differentiation are reflected in the legal systems as well. In these systems, lawmaking is more extensive and laws are more voluminous, with clear divisions (Sutherland, Cressey Luckenbill 27). Aside from the presence of secondary rules, modern legal systems can be differentiated from primitive legal systems by the existence of an apparent distinction between the civil and criminal jurisdictions, and the public from privacy laws. In early civilizations, there was no clear distinction between crimin al and civil cases. Thus, all cases were heard by the same courts, although there was usually a hierarchy of courts and appeals were allowed to the next higher court. The highest courts are usually at the state level staffed by the king s men and the lowest at the neighborhood or village level. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of The Worlds Legal Systems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In the Aztec society, both criminal and civil cases were appealable to the ruler established court (Trigger 2003 pp.

Monday, December 23, 2019

Is There Anybody Out There. Drug Abuse Is A Major Problem

Is There Anybody Out There? Drug abuse is a major problem in the United States and throughout the world as more and more people become addicted every day. As Maia Salavitz points out, â€Å"Addiction is one of the most serious health problems we face today, and as of 2010, more than 23 million people have an addiction to drugs, and according to the National Institutes of Health, these addictions contribute to more than 100,000 deaths per year.† When you hear the words drug addict you think of a â€Å"junkie† or â€Å"crack head†, and when you see someone pan handling for money on the street, passed out, or swaying in a doorway you wonder why don’t they get help? Through my research, I hope to show what barriers people face when trying to seek the†¦show more content†¦According to results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), an estimated 2.4 million Americans used prescription drugs non-medically for the first time within the past year, which avera ges to approximately 6,600 initiates per day. This population would seek help if not for the fear and shame they feel about being labeled as a drug addict. These stigmas perpetuated by people believing that addiction is a character flaw or a sign of weakness can create such fear in a person that they won’t ever get the help they need. They worry about losing their jobs or family so opt to go without treatment despite the consequences to their health, which could even lead to death. In the â€Å"Addiction† article published by the Gale group it states that â€Å"According to the CDC, in 2013 more than sixteen thousand people died from prescription opioids, an increase of 50 percent in three years.† Addiction does not discriminate; it makes no distinction between a person’s age, sex, color, or financial situation. However, the fear one gets does and the stigma of addiction leaves many Americans unwilling to fund better treatment. Insurance plays a major role in whether or not a person can be treated for addiction. Even when insurance does cover treatment, there might not be an available treatment center or provider to help with your needs. An article written by Brandy Pugh in the National Center onShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : Today s Society945 Words   |  4 PagesDrug addiction is one major problem in today’s society. Really, every country faces such issues today. A ton of measures are taken to battle against medication misuse, and, certainly, a few improvements are obvious. Nonetheless, this issue is not dispensed with and, maybe, will never be. Today, Americans are losing their employments, families, and even their lives over the misuse. There are a considerable measure of legal drugs that Americans are dependent on, yet there are additionally a great dealRead MoreEssay about Drug Legalization1209 Words   |  5 Pages Drug Legalization Strong drug enforcement in the United States is correlated with the reduction in crime , drug use, and drug addiction growth rates. The impact on tougher drug sanctions has been overshadowed by a myth that U.S. drug enforcement has become too lenient. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This myth has been promoted by the multi-million dollar pro-drug legalization lobby, civil libertarians, and misguided academic researchers to the public with limited review and challenge. Attacks onRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On Society893 Words   |  4 PagesDrugs are everywhere. There are many reasons why people turn to drugs, such as peer pressure, depression, and etc. Using drugs is a choice that many people decide to do. Drugs can get prescribed by people such as doctors and psychiatrists and those drugs can be used to help cure the body. Even with those prescribed drugs some like to abuse them, which can have a negative effect on our bodies and can lead to many different things. Things such as possibly going to jail, losing your job, ruin relationshipsRead MoreIs There Anybody Out There?. Maia Szalavitz, Author Of1484 Words   |  6 Pages Is There Anybody Out There? Maia Szalavitz, author of Unbroken Brain, points out in an article about our finger-pointing mentality on drug abuse, â€Å"Addiction is one of the most serious health problems we face today, and as of 2010, more than 23 million people have an addiction to drugs, and according to the National Institutes of Health, these addictions contribute to more than 100,000 deaths per year.† Drug abuse is a major problem in the United States and throughout the world as more and moreRead MoreEssay on Homeless in America825 Words   |  4 PagesBeds for Everybody One of the major issues nationally is people who are becoming homeless and the fact that one third of the homeless population have served this country, which is around 195,000 veterans. Thats more than the death count of the Vietnam war. Most homeless people are male about three percent are women, most are single and come from disadvantaged backgrounds. Its a major issue, this is America there should not be thousands of people across this nation that are homeless especiallyRead MoreWho Feels Grief?1779 Words   |  7 PagesLittle by little, hour by hour, day by day, people die. The people that die could be loved ones, strangers, friends, foes, just about anybody! Death is a terrible ordeal that one has to go through. Although people die every day the loss that someone feels changes them; as well as those they love, those they were close too, even those they don’t know. How can something that is so frequent effect people in tremendous days? Shouldn’t death be expe cted? Though people are always cautioned to expect theRead MoreEssay on The Drug Heroin1390 Words   |  6 PagesDrugs Drugs have been around for hundreds of years. Indians were known to have used Opium and other drugs for medical and various other purposes. During the 7th Century A.D. in China a drug emerged called Opium. Opium, the dry juice from immature seed pods of the opium poppy plant, is a narcotic drug that is very powerful in the relief of pain but is also very addictive. At the beginning Opium was like any other drug, but then people unaware of the harm it could cause began to useRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1443 Words   |  6 Pageslead to impairment or distress in many different ways such as, â€Å"recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home, recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous, recurrent substance-related legal problems, continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance† (Susic, 2007). According to the Foster Care Club, there are preciselyRead MoreEssay on Reasons for the Legalization of Marijuana987 Words   |  4 PagesThe War on Drugs has been fighting a tough opponent over the past few decades. Aimed at cutting down on drug use and sales, this war has brought many negative side effects along with it. Aside from limiting the freedoms of millions of Americans, The War on Drugs has caused many more problem s while also managing to fail at drug deterrence and distribution. Since many citizens already back the legalization of marijuana, as demonstrated by Oaklands passing of Measure Z, which makes marijuanaRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Bipolar Disorder1301 Words   |  6 Pages Separately, substance abuse and bipolar disorder are two very serious conditions, and both have been proven to be caused in part by heredity. Shockingly, co-occurrence of both disorders in a single person is a very common combination, and it can be very dangerous. People who have both bipolar disorder and an addiction are understood to have a â€Å"dual-diagnosis† or â€Å"genetic overlap†. Often, each condition can worsen the symptoms of the other; having both problems increases the risk of mood swings

Sunday, December 15, 2019

The Effects of Physical and Verbal Abuse on Children Free Essays

One of the rising issues among children in our society today is the verbal and physical abuse they are receiving from their parents and guardians. This is creating unhealthy families and dysfunctional environments where children are the victims of these abusive homes. Another cause of concern is the psychological and emotional detachment abusive children have to endure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Physical and Verbal Abuse on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now These affects occur when they have a history of being neglected or physically abused. A UNICEF on child wellbeing reported that the United States and the United Kingdom are ranked lowest among industrial nations with respect to child well being.They also found that it’s more common for child abuse to occur in single-parent families than in families where both parents are present. This will only lead to more patterns of abuse in other relationships down the road. We are looking at children who will be scarred for the rest of their lives. As they are being raised in this environment, it will ultimately affect their future in society, their psychological behavior’s, and the emotional behavior. Many abusive homes do not realize the affects it has on their children’s future with society.A numerous amount of these children carry baggage’s of pain and scars on their body. They leave home with being neglected and unloved during their upbringing. The common trail they take is an escape from that reality. In other words, abusive kids try to find something that will fill out their empty space. Usually turning to alcohol, drugs, parties, sex, and other things that puts them out of touch with their current reality. What this all leads to are serious illegal consequences. According to dreamcatchers, eighty percent of juvenile and adult prisoners were raised in violent homes.That is a staggering statistic when seeing the overpopulation of criminals in prison. Another future consequence is the deprivation abused children will encounter in future relationships. They will be deprived of the necessary skills of a healthy relationship due to the distortion of their abusers. This can lead to repeated abusive patterns that was manifested in their upbringing. In other words, the behaviors they learned growing up will create abusive mentalities toward their future families, coworkers, and peers.Which repeats the same cycles that they experienced during their childhood. According to Pears and Capaldi, â€Å"they suggested that parents with poor discipline skills experience a great deal of stress and frustration in dealing with their children. When this stress is coupled with a history of physical abuse, the outcome is more likely to result in the transmission of abuse from one generation to the next† (Pears Capaldi). The statement proves that future abusive children will experience tough times staying disciplined with their future children.It’s very likely that they are going to pass on the same patterns of abuse on to the next generation of children. In order to overcome these future results, a close relative or a friend must report these problems must either to the police or a shelter home. It will at least begin a process of saving a child who needs to escape a dysfunctional reality. Not only that, they can receive medical attention and treatment on any physical wounds from their attackers. This leads to evidence that the child has been physically abused and give the police an opportunity to impose future jail time on their abuser.Another good example would be to come up with a variety of fundraisers for the community to participate in. The money would go to building more group homes church events in the poverty communities, and an increase shelter homes. In the meantime, psychological behaviors play a big part in childhood upbringing. Children tend to develop fears against doing anything outside attackers control over their decisions. This occurs because they are afraid of being beaten or possibly killed. The child will begin to lose a sense of curiosity of the world and this causes them to stop trying new things.Which keeps them from ever achieving their intellectual potential. Another psychological concern is the physical stress. If the child is continually exposed to multiple violent and trauma acts, they will be physically stressed out. When the child experiences this act over and over again, there are permanent psychological changes. A child having over-reactions to things that remind them of the original event can create difficulty in concentration and attention. There are emotional effects such as isolation and inability to trust other peers.This essentially can translate into low-self esteem and depression. In one long-term study, â€Å"as many as 80 percent of young adults who had been abused met the diagnostic criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder at age 21. These young adults exhibited many problems, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and suicide attempts†( Silverman, Reinherz Giaconia, 1996). NSCAW found that children who were placed out of home-care due to abuse or neglect were scored lower on measures of cognitive capacity, language development, and academic achievement.In other words, they experienced difficulties with their academics being neglected or abused by parents or relatives. Other factors related to child abuse is shyness. More abused children will tend to shy away from meeting new people. This creates antisocial traits as they grow up. Raised under these conditions leads to personality disorders and violent behavior as well. One of the violent behaviors in abusive children is disruptive disorder. They develop a habit of excessive aggressiveness and irresponsible behavior towards their peers.According to Reshma Jirage, about 80 % of abused children are at higher risk of developing certain serious psychiatric problems and mental illnesses. Abused children are put at an unfair advantage due to these psychological distortions. It’s wrong for a child not to be raised under a healthy roof. Instead they are put in a position where the real values of a family are non-existent in their current lives. Every day is a battle of survival for them. As a solution, more educational institutions need to inform their students of this on-going issue in our society. It could help prevent many children who are growing up in these type of homes to be aware of the psychological future effects of an abusive upbringing. People need to be aware that it’s happening around their towns, their neighborhoods, and their streets. Usually when a child grows up their emotional scars and physical scars disappear completely. Therefore, if they are never informed about future consequences of being abused, repeated behaviors will occur. If education is viewed in America as the source to success, then why not install this into a course for children to have an opportunity to save their lives.Isn’t it important as a society to make sure that our future generation receives every parental resource before they have any children? For the safety of abused children, a class about child abuse will only educate the minds of young adults to not repeat the same behavioral patterns as their parents or guardians. In addition to the psychological behaviors, there ar e emotional problems as well with the child. Emotional abuse is defined as â€Å"any behavior which interferes with a child’s mental health or social development.This includes name-calling, shaming, shouting and yelling at the child, comparing the child to others in a negative manner, and making the child feel worthless or a failure. It also includes failing to give the child the affection and support necessary for the development of a child’s emotional, social, physical and intellectual well-being. This includes withholding physical affection, not telling the child he/she is loved and cared for, withdrawal of attention, and lack of praise and support. In other words, Emotional abuse causes more inner damage that ultimately destroys or impairs either the development of a positive sense of self. This type of abuse is the most prevalent and can be the most destructive of all types. Some of the reasons why parents act out in these inappropriate behaviors is the lack of poor parenting skills, lack of available resou rces, and unrealistic expectations from their children. A child being constantly ignored, shamed, terrorized, or humiliated will suffer just as much abuse than if they are physically assaulted.Signs of this abuse can be seen by the child’s insecurity, poor self esteem, and suicide. They also grow up thinking that they are deficient in some way. Another common factor when being emotionally abused is the development of interpersonal problems. Always being corrupted into accepting their ideas or behaviors can toy with a child’s mind. The insults, ridicules, and imitating are all ways of degrading a child. All of these types of emotional abuse are usually based on power and control. That’s why so many abusive children are never able to find out what their calling is in life. Cause their mind is filled with degrading thoughts about what their parents have labeled them as in society. It confuses them to the point where they believe that the emotional abuser’s statements are true. They also will struggle accepting positive compliments from their peers or friends. Furthermore, these problems must come to a stop, a few suggestions such as safe childcare opportunities and taking an abused child to a pediatrician are great ways to deal with child abuse.For safe childcare, this gives parents the opportunity to put your child into a daycare for a few hours. This would release any tension or stress on the parents from work. Then when picking up the child their won’t be any emotional outburst on the child. The home would be peaceful and no permanent damage would be inflicted upon the child. More responsibilities are put on our parents, it would be wise to give the child some supervision in order for the parent to recuperate from other demands. On the other hand, children receiving help from certain health How to cite The Effects of Physical and Verbal Abuse on Children, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Strategic Management Dynamic Markets and The Productive Technologies

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for Dynamic Markets and The Productive Technologies? Answer: In accordance with the present day scenario, the dynamic markets and the productive technologies primarily emphasizes on the sustainability of the competitive advantage. Implementation of effective strategy thus plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of the marketing tools. The strategy is thus defined as a range or way that emphasizes over the long term achievement of a given organization. Focusing more to improve on all other fonts, their focus on improving the viable competitive position gradually decreases. Michael Porter first argued regarding the fact that though operational effectiveness is a necessary tool for highlighting the superior performance but since the methods are not easy to imitate, it is not very much sufficient. This report will thus help in analyzing the contribution of the given article to the mentioned subject area along with the critical appraisal of the article. According to Porter, the different kind of tools like quality management, benchmarking and other do help in improving the operation of a given firm, but it effectively fails in providing sustainable profit to the company. Thus, the primary cause of the problem is the inability of the management to distinguish between the strategy and the effectiveness of the organization. The article thus contributed to highlighting the different aspects are providing to the subject area. In the contribution to the subject area, the article presently helped in enhancing the idea regarding operational effectiveness, origins of strategic positions, tradeoffs, competitive advantage, the role of leadership and sustainability. Operational Effectiveness It has been stated by Porter that a company can only outperform the rivals by establishing a difference that it can primarily preserve. Thus, the concept of competition based on operational effectiveness helped in developing an idea regarding the productivity frontier. Origins of Strategic Positions Porter helped in understanding regarding the different kinds of positioning based on strategy. This primarily includes variety-based positioning; access based positioning and needs to be based positioning. Thus, it helped in understanding the fact that positioning is not always considered as the function of difference based on the demands of the customers. Strategic Positioning Requires Tradeoffs This aspect particularly helped in understanding the concept of sustainable advantage by the introduction of suitable tradeoffs with respect to another positioning. As given in the article which states that A trade-off means the more of one thing necessitates less of another (p. 68). Competitive Advantage This aspect contributed to the understanding of the positioning choices that helped in determining how the companies that need to configure the individual activities and not only the single activities associated with the enterprise. This helps to focus mainly on the effectiveness of an individual identity and strategy concentrating on the combining activities. In accordance with it, the three types of fit that arise include first order fit, second order fit and third order fit. The understanding of the different fit assists in understanding the central component of the competitive advantage. Role of Leadership As quoted in the article the challenge of developing or reestablishing a clear strategy is often primarily an organizational one and depends on leadership" (p. 77). This primarily helped to focus upon the fact that strategy is not only about choosing the things to do, but it also helps in determining the things that do not need to be done. Thus, the understanding of the strategy helps in deciding not only to serve their customers but also to satisfy their needs. Thus, implementation of a clear strategy requires a clear communication and proper discipline. Hence, the approach guides the employees in making practical choices that arise because of the trade-offs. Sustainability Understanding the present concept, helps in providing idea regarding strategic fit helps in providing a sustainable advantage as because it helps in replicating the activity of a particular individual. Thus, the concept of sustainable competitive advantage contributes to providing a unique position for a given firm. It also helps in tailoring activities strategically. Critical Appraisal and Conclusion From the above discussion based on the article, it can be concluded that the aspects that have been outlined in the given article critically help in the understanding of the several factors enhancing the different his method of strategy regarding operational needs. Operational effectiveness helps in the understanding of the activities for successful implementation of the strategy while the strategic operations are defining various kind of positioning assists in the understanding of the different positioning. The tradeoffs also help to appraise the positioning of the competitors regarding imitating a valuable positioning in various ways critically. Therefore, the critical appraisal helps in enhancing the knowledge regarding the significance of the article in context to strategy. References Porter, M. (1996) What is Strategy?, Harvard Business Review, 74 (6) Nov-Dec, pp. 61-78.